Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Fenebrutinib-Loaded Niosomal Gel for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Novel Drug Delivery Approach

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by persistent synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, and systemic complications. Despite the availability of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics, limitations such as systemic toxicity, poor patient compliance, and variable bioavailability persist. Fenebrutinib, a Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor currently under clinical investigation, represents a promising therapeutic candidate for RA due to its targeted immunomodulatory mechanism. However, its oral administration faces challenges of poor bioavailability and systemic side effects. Niosomal gels, composed of non-ionic surfactant vesicles incorporated into a topical gel base, offer a novel drug delivery system with enhanced stability, controlled release, and improved dermal penetration. This review highlights the formulation, optimization, and evaluation strategies for fenebrutinib-loaded niosomal gels, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize RA management by providing localized, sustained, and patient-friendly therapy.